Method and apparatus for LED dimming

ABSTRACT

A dimmable LED driver provides accurate full range dimming for LED lighting. The driver utilizes the timing of an AC signal rather than its power output or other characteristics to accurately determine the level of light a user desires. In this manner, the driver provides accurate full range dimming without the need for calibration to specific AC power levels. The driver may detect the period of an AC signal allowing the driver to be used with various frequencies without the need for calibration. In one or more embodiments, the driver compares the pulse widths of a dimmed AC signal to the period of the AC signal to determine the desired light level. The driver may comprise a signal processor and controller in one or more embodiments.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates generally light dimmers and in particular to a method and apparatus for dimming LED lighting.

2. Related Art

Phase dimmers are commonly used to dim incandescent lights in residential and commercial applications. Such dimmers generally operate by chopping the sine wave of an AC signal thereby reducing the energy output to dim one or more lights. While this allows an incandescent bulb to be dimmed, a phase dimmer's output is not well suited for LED lighting.

The phase dimmer's output must generally be converted into a signal that can drive an LED light source. One method has been to convert the dimmed power output of a phase dimmer into a corresponding signal for an LED light source. Traditionally, this conversion has resulted in workable dimming of LED lighting via a phase dimmer. However, the conversion results in dimming of lesser quality than that of incandescent lighting. For example, a phase dimmer can not smoothly dim an LED light source from high or maximum brightness down to low or no brightness.

LED lighting is increasingly popular and highly desirable due to its high efficiency light output. LED lighting may also be more compact and have a longer life than incandescent or other types of lighting. Unfortunately, traditional dimming systems do not allow LEDs to be dimmed in the way incandescent or other lighting technologies can be. This prevents LEDs from being considered for use or used where dimming is desired.

From the discussion that follows, it will become apparent that the present invention addresses the deficiencies associated with the prior art while providing numerous additional advantages and benefits not contemplated or possible with prior art constructions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A dimmable LED driver which provides full range dimming of LED lighting is disclosed herein. The dimmable LED driver accurately determines the desired level of light output from an AC input signal by utilizing the timing of the AC signal, and provides light output from one or more LEDs accordingly. As will become apparent from the discussion herein, the dimmable LED driver has numerous advantages over traditional LED drivers which utilize power level to determine the desired level of light output.

In one embodiment, the dimmable LED driver comprises an input, a rectifier, a comparator, a controller, and an output. The input may be configured to accept an AC signal which is dimmable to produce a desired level of light. The rectifier may be in electrical communication with the input and configured to rectify the AC signal into a pulse train comprising one or more pulses.

The comparator may be in electrical communication with the rectifier and may be configured to utilize a voltage threshold. The comparator may output a first signal while a voltage of the one or more pulses is above the voltage threshold and output a second signal while the voltage of the one or more pulses is below the voltage threshold. The voltage threshold, such as a constant voltage, may be provided by a voltage reference in electrical communication with the comparator.

In some embodiments, the first output and the second output of the comparator form a square wave comprising one or more square pulses. In these embodiments, the duration of the one or more square pulses may be the pulse width of the one or more pulses and the time between corresponding portions of the one or more square pulses may be the period of the AC signal.

The controller may be in electrical communication with the comparator and may be configured to determine a pulse width of the one or more pulses and a period of the AC signal from the first signal and the second signal. The controller may also utilize one or more preset values for the period of the AC signal. In these embodiments, the period need not be determined. The controller may determine the desired level of light output based on a ratio of the pulse width to the period and generate an output signal to provide the desired level of light output through LED lighting. The output signal may comprise pulse width modulation signals and current change signals in one or more embodiments.

The controller may function in various ways. For example, the controller may determine the pulse width of the one or more pulses based on the duration of the first output and the second output from the comparator.

The output may be configured to electrically couple to the LED lighting so that the output signal travels through the output to the LED lighting. In one embodiment, the dimmable LED driver may include a lighting can having a socket for accepting LED lighting, such as an LED bulb. In this embodiment, the output may be in electrical communication with the socket.

In one embodiment, the dimmable LED driver comprises an input configured to accept an AC signal, a controller, and an output configured to electrically couple to one or more LEDs to allow an output signal to reach the one or more LEDs.

The controller may be configured to compare a voltage of the AC signal to a voltage threshold to determine a pulse width of the AC signal. The controller may determine a desired level of light output based on the ratio of the pulse width to a period of the AC signal and generate the output signal which provides the desired level of light output through one or more LEDs. The period of the AC signal may be a preset value stored in the dimmable LED driver.

In some embodiments, the pulse width may be delineated at a first point by the voltage of the AC signal increasing across the voltage threshold and at a second point by the voltage of the AC signal decreasing across the voltage threshold. In these embodiments, the pulse width may be the time between the first point and the second point. Also, the period may be measured by the time between the voltage of the AC signal crossing the voltage threshold a first time and the voltage of the AC signal crossing the voltage threshold in the same direction a consecutive time.

Similar to the above, this embodiment may include additional elements. For example, the dimmable LED may comprise a lighting can having a socket for accepting the one or more LEDs. The output of the LED driver may be in electrical communication with the socket. In addition, the dimmable LED driver may include a voltage reference configured to provide a constant voltage which the controller may utilize as the voltage threshold. A rectifier coupled with the input and the controller may be provided as well. The rectifier may be configured to rectify the AC signal into a pulse train comprising one or more pulses. In this embodiment, the controller may be configured to compare a voltage of the one or more pulses to the voltage threshold to determine the pulse width and period of the AC signal.

A method for dimming one or more LEDs is also provided. In one embodiment, the method may comprise accepting an AC signal at an input of a dimmable LED driver, and comparing one or more voltages of the AC signal to a voltage threshold to determine one or more points where the one or more voltages cross the voltage threshold. A pulse width of one or more pulses in the AC signal delineated by the time between at least two of the one or more points may be identified along with a period of the AC signal. In this manner, a desired level of light output based on the ratio between the pulse width and the period may be determined, and an output signal may be generated to provide the desired level of light from one or more LEDs. The one or more voltages may be compared to the voltage threshold by a comparator of the dimmable LED driver with the voltage threshold being provided by a voltage reference in electrical communication with the comparator.

The pulse width of the one or more pulses in the AC signal and the period of the AC signal may be identified by a microprocessor of the dimmable LED driver whereby the desired level of light output is determined by the microprocessor based on the ratio of the pulse width and period. The pulse width may be the time between at least two consecutive points of the one or more points.

The period may be identified by the time between at least two of the one or more points whereby a first point of the at least two points is where the voltage of the AC signal increases across the voltage threshold a first time and a second point of the at least two points is where the voltage of the AC signal increases across the voltage threshold a consecutive time. Likewise, the period may also or alternatively be identified by the time between at least two of the one or more points whereby a first of the at least two points is where the voltage of the AC signal decreases across the voltage threshold a first time and a second of the at least two points is where the voltage of the AC signal decreases across the voltage threshold a consecutive time. It is noted that in some embodiments, the period may be identified by one or more preset values for the period of the AC signal.

Additional steps of some embodiments of the method include dimming the AC signal with a phase dimmer having an adjustable control. Also, the method may include providing the output signal to the one or more LEDs through a socket of a lighting can.

Other systems, methods, features and advantages of the invention will be or will become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the invention, and be protected by the accompanying claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. In the figures, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the different views.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary wiring diagram for an exemplary dimmable LED driver;

FIG. 2A illustrates an exemplary AC signal at a low level of dimming;

FIG. 2B illustrates an exemplary AC signal at a moderate level of dimming;

FIG. 2C illustrates an exemplary AC signal at a high level of dimming;

FIG. 3A illustrates a pulse width measurement and period measurement for an exemplary AC signal at a low level of dimming;

FIG. 3B illustrates a pulse width measurement and period measurement for an exemplary AC signal at a moderate level of dimming;

FIG. 3C illustrates a pulse width measurement and period measurement for an exemplary AC signal at a high level of dimming;

FIG. 4A is a block diagram illustrating elements of an exemplary dimmable LED driver;

FIG. 4B is a block diagram illustrating elements of an exemplary dimmable LED driver;

FIG. 4C is a block diagram illustrating elements of an exemplary dimmable LED driver;

FIG. 5A illustrates a pulse train of an exemplary AC signal at a low level of dimming;

FIG. 5B illustrates a pulse train of an exemplary AC signal at a moderate level of dimming;

FIG. 5C illustrates a pulse train of an exemplary AC signal at a high level of dimming;

FIG. 6A is a cross section view of an exemplary lighting can having a dimmable LED driver; and

FIG. 6B is a perspective view of an exemplary LED bulb having a dimmable LED driver.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough description of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known features have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the invention.

LED lighting, such as one or more LED based bulbs or one or more individual LEDs themselves, typically requires an adapter or driver which converts a 115V, 230V, 277V, or other AC power source to a DC source which is usable to properly power an LED. This is because LEDs are not typically designed to operate with AC power directly. Typically, a driver also provides a level of current and voltage within the operating parameters of an LED to ensure proper operation of the LED. For example, a driver may accept an AC power input and provide a relatively low voltage DC output to power an LED.

The dimmable LED driver herein is generally configured to accept an AC input signal or AC power and to provide an output for powering LED lighting. Though the LED lighting is generally discussed herein in terms of one or more LEDs, it will be understood that the dimmable LED driver may be used with a variety of light emitting devices that utilize one or more LEDs for their light source. For example, individual LEDs or LED based light bulbs may be powered by the dimmable LED driver.

The dimmable LED driver allows full range (0% to 100% light output) dimming for LED lights. The dimmable LED driver also allows a desired level of light to be accurately provided by LED lighting. The desired level of light or light output as used herein refers to the level of light a user desires for a room, building, or other interior or exterior space. In general, a user indicates his or her desired level of light by interacting with a lighting control, such as a dimmer as will be discussed below.

In general, the dimmable LED driver utilizes the timing or phase of an AC input signal to determine a user's desired level of light output. This is highly advantageous in that utilizing the timing of an AC input allows the desired level of light output to be accurately determined.

In contrast, traditional LED drivers utilize the power level of an AC power source to determine the desired level of light output. In general, this works by measuring the difference between the actual AC output and the normal or reference output of an AC power source to determine the light level that is desired. For example, an AC output of half an AC power source's reference or normal output would indicate that half of the maximum light level should be provided. A traditional LED driver would then adjust its output accordingly to provide half the maximum light output from a LED.

In practice however, the use of power level to determine the amount of dimming is difficult or impossible to properly implement. This is because it is difficult, if not impossible, to accurately establish a reference power output for an AC power source. As is known, AC power supply will change as a function of voltage depending on the AC power source. For instance, in North America a standard wall outlet may provide 110-120V at 60 Hz while other voltage and frequency standards are utilized elsewhere.

AC power sources (including those providing power according to a standard) rarely produce a constant output. For example, in North America, utility companies may change supply voltages by up to 10%. Thus, a residential outlet may ideally output 115V, but its output may somewhat abruptly change from anywhere between 110V and 120V. Further, turning on or off electrical devices can cause fluctuations in power levels. For example, AC power output often fluctuates when appliances, air conditioning units, or other high power draw devices are activated. While traditional LED drivers may be calibrated or set to expect reference power outputs according to AC power standards, this calibration cannot compensate for these real time changes to power output.

Without an accurate or reliable reference power output, the determination of desired light level by a traditional LED driver is inaccurate. This is because the comparison of actual power output to an inaccurate reference power output skews the determination of the desired light level. For example, if the expected reference power output is set lower than the actual reference power level of an AC power source, the LED driver may provide light output higher than what is desired. Where the expected reference power output is set higher than the actual reference power level, the LED driver may provide light output lower than what is desired.

Some manufacturers have attempted to compensate for the known inaccuracy of the reference power output by reducing dimming range. For example, a LED driver may be configured such that AC power output below a certain threshold turns off a light while AC power output above a certain threshold results in maximum brightness. In this manner light output may be dimmed/increased between the thresholds. However, this is a limited range and often results in the light abruptly turning off as AC power output is lowered, and the light abruptly jumping to maximum output as AC power output is increased. In some installations, traditional LED drivers cause LED lighting to remain on even when a user desires no light, or cause LED lighting to jump to a maximum level when a moderate level of light is desired, as light levels are adjusted.

These abrupt changes in light level and reduced dimming range are undesirable especially when LED dimming is compared to that of incandescent or other lighting technologies. In many applications, the inability to smoothly dim LED lighting may overwhelm its benefits, including durability, efficiency, and reliability, leading users to select older lighting technologies. In contrast, the dimmable LED driver herein provides full range dimming from 100% to 0% light output without abrupt changes in light level unless desired by the user.

The dimmable LED driver will now be described with regard to the figures. FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a dimmable LED driver 104 connected to a phase dimmer 112, and an AC power source 120. The LED driver 104 may have one or more outputs 116 which are used to power an LED bulb 108 or other LED lighting. It is noted that, though shown with a single LED bulb 108, an LED driver 104 may drive a plurality of LED bulbs 108 or other LED lighting.

The block diagram of FIG. 1 illustrates a standard or typical wiring setup for a phase dimmer 112 and AC power source 120. For this reason, the wiring configuration may be found in the vast majority of phase dimmer 112 installations. Accordingly, it can be seen that the dimmable LED driver 104 may be used to retrofit existing wiring for fully dimmable LED lighting. In addition, it can be seen that the dimmable LED driver 104 does not require special wiring setups in order to provide full range LED dimming. This is highly advantageous because the power efficiency, reliability, and durability benefits of LED lighting can be conveniently provided with full range dimming.

As will be described further below, the LED driver 104 may accept an AC signal from an AC power source 120 which may be altered by a dimmer 112. For example, as shown, the AC signal from the AC power source 120 passes through the dimmer 112 before reaching the dimmable LED driver 104. The dimmer 112 may alter the duty cycle of the AC signal to control the power provided by the AC signal. Traditionally, this alteration in the duty cycle allows the voltage of an AC signal to be controlled which allows light output from incandescent lighting to be controlled. In contrast, with the dimmable LED driver 104 herein, the changes or alterations to the AC signal caused by the dimmer may be detected to determine and ultimately provide a corresponding level of light output through an LED bulb 108, as will be described further below.

It is noted that the changes in the AC signal may be used to determine desired characteristics of light output in addition to or instead of the level of light output. For example, alterations to the duty cycle of an AC signal may be used to determine the desired color temperature or color of light output. For example, rather than dimming one or more LEDs, the LED driver herein may change the color temperature or color of light output based on the detected alterations to an AC signal. Of course, in one or more embodiments, the LED driver may be configured to control the level of light output, color temperature, or a combination thereof based on alterations to the AC signal.

Generally, a dimmer 112 allows a user to alter the output signal of an AC power source by adjusting a control 124. In the embodiment shown, for example, a sliding control may be moved linearly to increase or decrease the output signal's power level. Of course, other types of controls may be used. For example, the dimmer 112 may have a rotary knob that can be rotated to control the output of an AC power source. Generally, moving the control in one direction increases power output while moving in the opposite direction decreases power output.

In one or more embodiments, the dimmer 112 may be a phase dimmer. A phase dimmer 112 generally operates by altering the duty cycle of an AC signal to control the power level of the AC signal. For example, portions of the voltage of an AC signal may chopped, such as by zeroing out the voltage or setting the voltage to another low level. To illustrate, FIGS. 2A-2C show the sine wave of an AC signal that has been altered by chopping portions of the signal. As can be seen, instead of a smooth sine wave, the altered signals have zero or other low voltage portions.

As illustrated the sine waves have been chopped at their trailing edges. In some dimmers, signal chopping may occur on the leading edges of a sine wave. For example, a dimmer utilizing a triac may chop the leading edges of an AC signal rather than the trailing edges. It will be understood that the dimmable LED driver herein may determine a desired level of light and thus dim one or more LEDs regardless of whether an AC signal has been chopped at its leading or trailing edges.

Typically, an AC signal will be chopped at substantially the same place or places within each period of the wave for a particular level of dimming. This is shown in FIGS. 2A-2C where similar or the same portions of the AC signal have been chopped. As the dimmer 112 is dimmed, such as by moving its control 124, increasing portions of the sine wave are chopped. For example, as shown in FIG. 2A, the sine wave has been chopped a small amount, dimming the power output about 10%. In FIG. 2B, the sine wave has been chopped a moderate amount which dims power output a moderate amount around 50%. In FIG. 2C, the sine wave has been chopped a large amount, dimming the power output a large amount around 85%.

It is noted that various dimmers 112, now known or later developed may be used with the dimmable LED driver 104. This is advantageous in that it allows the dimmable LED driver 104 to be used with phase and other dimmers 112 commonly found in existing buildings. In addition, it is contemplated that the dimmable LED driver 104 may be used with any dimmer or similar device that chops or alters an AC signal as described herein.

The AC signal from the dimmer 112 may be received by the dimmable LED driver 104, as can be seen from FIG. 1. As will be described in the following, the dimmable LED driver 104 may utilize the timing (rather than power level) of the AC signal to determine the desired level of light and to provide an output which provides this level of light from one or more LED bulbs 108.

Operation of the dimmable LED driver 104 will now be described with regard to FIGS. 3A-3C. As stated, in one or more embodiments, the dimmable LED driver 104 utilizes the duty cycle (rather than power level) of an AC signal to determine the desired level of light output. This may occur in various ways. In one or more embodiments, the LED driver 104 may detect a pulse width T_(on) of one or more pulses in an AC signal, and the period P of the AC signal. The ratio of the pulse width T_(on) and period P of the AC signal may then be used to determine the desired level of light. It is noted that the ratio between the sum of a plurality of pulse widths and a period of an AC signal may be used as well. For example, the ratio of the sum of two pulse widths to the period of an AC signal may be used to determine the desired level of light where two pulses occur within the period of the AC signal.

In one or more embodiments, the LED driver 104 may have one or more preset values for the period P. For example, the period P may be set to an expected, known, and/or standardized frequency of an AC power source. To illustrate, period P may be set to a standardized frequency such as 50 Hz in Europe or 60 Hz in North America. Modern utilities supply AC power very close to or at the standardized frequencies and thus the period P may be set to a preset value rather than detected/determined by the LED driver in these embodiments. The LED driver 104 may store the preset value or values in a memory device or be hardwired with one or more preset values.

It is contemplated that in embodiments where a plurality of preset values are provided, the LED driver 104 may be configured to select a preset value for the period P based on a detected period for the AC signal. For instance, the LED driver 104 may be configured to determine a period of the AC signal and set the period P to a preset value accordingly. In one embodiment, the LED driver 104 may set the period P to the preset value closest to the detected period of the AC signal. This allows the LED driver 104 to be used with power sources of various frequencies without the need for manual configuration.

It is noted that the period P need only be set to a preset frequency value once. This is because the frequency of an AC signal typically remains constant. Of course, the LED driver 104 may periodically take a measurement of the AC signal to confirm the period P is set to the correct preset, and, if necessary, switch to different preset when appropriate. For example, the LED driver 104 may take a measurement of the AC signal the first time or each time the LED driver is turned on (i.e. AC power is supplied to the LED driver) in some embodiments.

In general, and as will become apparent from the discussion herein, the dimmable LED driver 104 utilizes the timing of an AC signal, such as its pulse width T_(on) and period P, to determine the desired level of light output. Once the desired level of light is determined, an output signal may be generated to provide a corresponding level of light from one or more LEDs, LED bulbs, or other LED lighting.

FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate exemplary AC signals which the dimmable LED driver 104 may receive. Similar to FIGS. 2A-2C, the AC signals in these figures show altered or chopped AC signals which correspond to various levels of dimming. It is noted that these altered AC signals are exemplary and the dimmable LED driver 104 may operate with various AC signals having greater or lesser chopped portions. Also, it will be understood that the dimmable LED driver 104 may utilize various sinusoidal signals in one or more embodiments.

FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate a threshold V_(t) and a pulse width T_(on) which may be used in determining the desired amount of dimming indicated of an AC signal. The pulse width T_(on) as used herein will be a measurement of time. The threshold V_(t) allows a pulse width T_(on) to be determined for one or more pulses of an AC signal. As can be seen, the pulse width T_(on) may be delineated by the points where the voltage of the AC signal cross the threshold V_(t). In general, a pulse width T_(on) may be delineated by a first point and a second point on the threshold V_(t). In this manner, the time between the first point and the second point may indicate the pulse width T_(on) of a pulse. The first point may be where the voltage of the AC signal is increasing as it crosses the threshold V_(t), and the second point may be where the voltage is decreasing as it crosses the threshold V_(t). To illustrate, as can be seen in FIG. 3A, the pulse width T_(on) is delineated by the points where the AC signal's voltage increase to cross the threshold V_(t) and decrease to cross the threshold V_(t). Of course, the first point may be where the voltage of the AC signal decreases across the threshold V_(t) while the second point may be where the voltage increases across the threshold V_(t). It is noted that typically, but not always, the first and second point will occur within a phase angle of 0 to 180 degrees of the AC signal.

Similarly, the period P of the AC signal may be determined by one or more points on the threshold V_(t) where the voltage of the AC signal increases to cross the threshold V_(t) or decreases to cross the threshold V_(t). For example, two (or more) consecutive points on the threshold V_(t) where the AC signal's voltage increases to cross V_(t) may be used to determine the period of the AC signal. Likewise, two consecutive points on the threshold V_(t) where the AC signal's voltage decreases as it crosses V_(t) may be used to determine the period of the AC signal. As can be seen from FIG. 3A, the period P of the AC signal may be determined by two consecutive points on V_(t) where the voltage is increasing as it crosses V_(t).

It is noted that various methods of determining the period of an AC signal may be used. It is contemplated that these methods, now known or later developed, may be used by the dimmable LED driver 104 to determine the period of an AC signal.

The threshold V_(t) may be set to various voltages. In one embodiment, V_(t) may be a positive or negative voltage. It is contemplated that in general, the threshold V_(t) will be set such that the voltage of an AC signal will cross the threshold V_(t) at an interval which allows a pulse width T_(on) and period P of the AC signal to be accurately measured as discussed herein.

As shown in FIGS. 3B and 3C, as increasing portions of the AC signal are chopped, the pulse width T_(on) is reduced while the period P of the AC signal remains the same. This allows a comparison or ratio between pulse width T_(on) and period P to be used to determine the desired amount of dimming. To illustrate, in FIG. 3A, it can be seen that a small amount of dimming is desired as shown by the chopping of about 10% of the AC signal. Accordingly, pulse width T_(on) is relatively large when compared to period P. In FIGS. 3B and 3C, pulse width T_(on) decreases relative to period P as increasing amounts of the AC signal are chopped. In FIG. 3B, pulse width T_(on) represents a pulse width of an AC signal that has been dimmed about 50%, while in FIG. 3C, T_(on) represents a pulse width for an AC signal dimmed about 85%.

As stated, the amount of dimming desired may be determined by the ratio of a pulse width T_(on) to period P. For example, the formula T_(on)/F may be used in one or more embodiments to determine the percentage of dimming desired. This may be multiplied by a factor of two to reflect the fact that there may be two pulses within the period of the AC signal. For example, the pulse width T_(on) in FIGS. 3A-3C is measured using only the positive pulses of the AC signal. It is noted that various other factors may be used to compensate for other aspects of the AC signal as well. For example, in one embodiment, an offset may be used to compensate for the voltage at which the threshold V_(t) is set.

Applying the ratio of pulse width T_(on) to period P in FIG. 3A, it can be seen that the alteration(s) to an AC signal's duty cycle by a dimmer can be detected and the corresponding desired level of light output determined. In the example provided by FIG. 3A, the formula

$\left( \frac{2 \cdot T_{on}}{P} \right)$

may be used to determine the desired level of light output as a percentage. Assuming example values of 45 for T_(on) and 100 for P (as measures of time), the desired level of light output would be determined at 90%.

It is noted that the amount of light output may be determined on a nonlinear curve based on pulse width T_(on) and/or period P in one or more embodiments. For example, the amount of light output may be a square, cube, or other nonlinear function. This is advantageous in that it allows the LED driver 104 to compensate for the way light levels are perceived by a viewer. In general, changes in brightness are perceived nonlinearly by human observers. For example, a change in light output of a bright light is not as noticeable as a change in light output a dim light. Thus, outputting levels of light along a curve can be used to produce a smoother transition from maximum output to minimum output. For instance, at higher output levels, light may be dimmed a larger amount because changes in brightness at high output levels are not as easily perceived.

In one exemplary embodiment, the amount of light output may be determined by the nonlinear function

$\left( \frac{\left( {T_{on} - V_{o}} \right) \cdot A}{P} \right)^{2},$

where V_(o) and A may be values used to offset characteristics of the AC signal or LED driver 104 so that the desired level of light may be accurately provided. Of course, A may be set to 1 and V_(o) set to 0 if such offsetting is not desired. As can be seen, the light output is along a curve according to this square function which compensates for nonlinearities in the perception of light levels.

Once the desired amount of dimming has been determined and output may be provided to power one or more LEDs in a manner that provides the desired level of light output. Various methods, now known or later developed, may be used to provide an electrical output which controls the level of light provided by an LED. For example, known methods such as pulse width modulation, or altering current or voltage provided to an LED may be used.

Various embodiments of dimmable LED drivers 104 which allow full range LED dimming utilizing the timing of an AC signal will now be described with regard to FIGS. 4A-4C. It will be understood that other configurations of the LED driver which accept and measure the timing characteristics of an AC signal, as discussed above, to determine the amount of dimming a user desires may be constructed as well. In addition, it is noted that, though described with particular sets of components, components having the same of similar function may be used in one or more embodiments to determine the amount of desired dimming by the timing of a dimmed AC signal. It will be understood that portions of the various embodiments herein may be utilized in one or more combinations to perform the functions of a dimmable LED driver as described herein.

FIG. 4A illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary dimmable LED driver 104. In this embodiment, the dimmable LED driver 104 comprises a signal processor 428 and a controller 412. The signal processor 428 receives an AC signal from an input 416 while the controller 412 provides an output signal to one or more LEDs via an output 420. In one or more embodiments, the input 416, output 420, or both may be an electrical conduit, coupling, or other electrical connection or connector.

In general, the signal processor 428 processes an AC signal to provide a signal usable by the controller 412 to determine the desired level of light output. In one or more embodiments, the signal processor 428 processes the AC signal so that one or more pulse widths and a period of an AC signal may be determined by the controller 412. For example, the signal processor 428 may provide a pulse train where the pulses represent one or more pulse widths of an AC signal, and the timing of the pulses represents a period of the AC signal. As will be described below the signal processor 428 may have various components and be constructed in various ways.

The controller 412 may then utilize this signal to determine the desired level of light output based on one or pulse widths and a period of the AC signal. For example, the controller 412 may utilize a ratio of one or more pulse widths to the period of the AC signal to determine the desired level of light output, such as described above.

The controller 412 may be constructed in various ways. In one or more embodiments, the controller 412 may comprise a circuit, microprocessor, ASIC, FPGA, control logic, or the like. In some embodiments, the controller 412 may execute instructions to calculate or otherwise determine the desired level of light based on pulse widths and periods of an AC signal. The instructions may be hard wired into the controller, such as through control logic, or may be stored in a memory device for retrieval and execution by the controller.

As discussed above, one or more factors to the calculation of desired level of light output in some embodiments. The controller 412 may be configured to perform this function. For example, where two pulses occur within the period of an AC signal, the controller 412 may apply a multiplication factor of two, such as described above. In this manner, the controller 412 compensates for the number of pulses per period in the AC signal. Of course, as stated, various other factors as well as offsets may be used or included. In addition, the calculation of desired level of light output may occur according to various formulas and, as stated above, may be nonlinear to compensate for nonlinearities in perception of light levels by the eye. Typically, but not always, the desired level of light output will be determined or calculated as a percentage (e.g. 0% to 100%) light output. Once the desired level of light output is determined, the controller 412 may generate an output signal indicating the desired level of light output.

The controller's output signal may be communicated or provided via an output 420 to one or more external components or devices. For example, it is contemplated that the output signal may be provided to one or more LEDs to provide the desired level of light. In the embodiment of FIG. 4A, the output signal is provided to another component. As can be seen, the output signal is provided to a driver 432 in the embodiment of FIG. 4A.

In general the driver 432 processes the controller's 412 output signal so that the output signal may be used to provide the desired level of light from one or more LEDs 108. For example, in one embodiment, the driver 432 may amplify the output signal to power one or more LEDs at the desired light level. The driver 432 may also convert the output signal into a pulse width modulation signal to provide the desired level of light from one or more LEDs. Alternatively, or in addition, the driver 432 may modify the current or voltage of the output signal to achieve the desired level of light from one or more LEDs. It is contemplated that the driver 432 may utilize various methods, now known or later developed, to power one or more LEDs in a manner which produces the desired level of light as determined by the controller 412.

It is noted that a driver 432 may not be provided in all embodiments. For example, the controller 412 or other component of the dimmable LED driver 104 may perform the function of a driver 432. In addition, in some situations, the controller's 412 output signal may be used to power one or more LEDs in a manner which produces the desired level of light without further processing by a driver 432 or other component.

It is also noted that the controller 412 may determine the desired level of light without a signal processor 428 in some embodiments. For example, the controller 412 itself may accept an AC signal and determine one or more pulse widths and period of the AC signal without the AC signal first being processed by the signal processor 428. It is further noted that in some embodiments, the signal processor 428 may be internal to the controller 412. In these embodiments, a separate signal processor 412 may not be required.

FIG. 4B illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary dimmable LED driver 104 comprising a rectifier 404, comparator 408 and controller 412. In this embodiment, the signal processor 428 comprises a rectifier 404 and comparator 408. It will be understood that the signal processor 428 may perform its AC signal processing function with different components however.

The dimmable LED driver 104 may also comprise an input 416 to accept the AC signal, and an output 420 to provide an output signal such as described above. Though not shown, a driver may be connected to the output 420 to process the output signal, if necessary or desired. As shown, a voltage reference 424 may be provided for comparison of various signals as will be described below.

In this embodiment, an AC signal may be received at the input 416. The signal may be rectified by a rectifier 404 to convert the AC signal into a pulse train. Exemplary pulse trains are illustrated in FIGS. 5A-5C and will be described further below. In some embodiments, a full wave rectifier 404 may be used so that the positive and negative portion of an AC signal are converted into a pulse train. Of course, a half wave rectifier 404 may be used as well. As stated above, an AC signal from a dimmer will typically comprise a sine wave chopped at the same location for a particular level of dimming. Thus, the dimmable LED driver 104 need not measure every pulse to determine the desired level of dimming. The measurement of one or some pulses may be sufficient to determine the desired level of dimming. For these reasons, the dimmable LED driver 104 may utilize a full wave rectifier 404 or a half wave rectifier. The selection of full wave or half wave rectifiers 404 may be for various reasons including cost, efficiency, or other characteristics of the rectifiers.

As indicated above, FIGS. 5A-5C illustrate the exemplary AC signals of FIGS. 2A-2C after rectification by a half wave rectifier. It can be seen that the positive portion of the AC signals of FIGS. 2A-2C have been converted by rectification into a corresponding pulse train in FIGS. 5A-5C. It can also be seen that the pulses generally have the same size and shape as the original AC signal except that the rectification process has given the pulse train a uniform polarity. As is known, half wave rectification results in a pulse train only including the positive or negation portion of the original AC signal. The pulse train would include the positive and negative portion of the original AC signal if full wave rectification were used. It will be understood that the dimmable LED driver may utilize positive or negative pulse trains in operation.

Referring back to FIG. 4B, the rectified signal may then be received by a comparator 408. In general, the comparator 408 compares the pulse train of the rectified AC signal with a voltage threshold provided by a voltage reference 424. The voltage threshold provided will typically be a substantially constant voltage which the comparator 408 may compare to voltages of the pulses or signals it receives from the rectifier 404. The voltage threshold may also be a function of the AC input signal in one or more embodiments. [PLEASE CONFIRM ACCURACY] Where the voltage of a pulse is above the voltage threshold, the comparator 408 may output a first signal. When the voltage of the pulse is below the voltage threshold, the comparator 408 may output a second signal, different from the first signal. In one or more embodiments, the second signal may be 0V or a low voltage and the first voltage may be a higher voltage, or vice versa. Of course, the comparator may alternatively output the second signal for voltages higher than the voltage threshold, and output the first signal for voltages lower than the voltage threshold.

The operation and output of a comparator 408 can be seen in FIGS. 3A-3C which have been described above. As shown, an exemplary voltage threshold V_(t) may be used to compare the voltage of one or more pulses. The threshold V_(t) will typically be the voltage provided by the voltage reference 424. It is contemplated that an offset may be utilized to adjust the voltage provided by the voltage reference 424 if desired. For example, the threshold V_(t) may be raised or lowered relative to the voltage of the voltage reference 424 by a positive or negative offset.

As can be seen with reference to FIGS. 3A-3C, the comparator 408 generates a first output when the voltage of a pulse crosses above voltage threshold V_(t). A second output is generated when the voltage of a pulse crosses below V_(t). In this embodiment, the first output is a fixed voltage representing the pulse width T_(on). The second output may be zero volts or other lower voltage. As can be seen, the output from the comparator results in a square wave having one or more square pulses, the edges of which correspond to the pulse width T_(on) of the pulses received from the rectifier. Thus, it can be seen that pulse width T_(on) of these pulses may be determined by the time between the edges of the one or more square pulses.

It is noted that the first output and second output may be various signals including the fixed voltage output described above. In fact, as long as the first output and second output are distinguishable, a rectifier pulse (and thus the desired amount of dimming) may be measured by a dimmable LED driver 104 or component thereof as described herein.

As can be seen from FIG. 4B, the controller 412 may receive the output of the comparator 408. It is noted that some controllers 412 may internally include a comparator and that in these embodiments a separate comparator may not be provided. The controller 412 may determine the desired amount of dimming by determining a pulse width T_(on) and period P from the comparator's 408 output, and provide an output signal which may then be used to produce the desired level of light from one or more LEDs directly or through one or more components, such as a driver as described above.

In one or more embodiments and as described above, pulse widths T_(on) may be represented by the square pulses of a comparator's square wave output. Thus, in these embodiments, the controller 412 may utilize the duration of a square pulse in the square wave output as a pulse width T_(on). Stated differently, the time between the leading and trailing edges of a square pulse may be used as a pulse width T_(on) measurement.

Period P may generally be determined by the distance between two or more square pulses. For example, the time between the trailing or left edges of the square pulses in FIGS. 3A indicate the period P of the AC signal. It will be understood that other corresponding portions of (at least) two square pulses may be used to determine the period P as well. For example, the time between the leading or right edge of two square pulses may be used to determine period P.

Once pulse width T_(on) and period P of an AC signal have been determined, the controller 412 may compare one or more pulse widths T_(on) to the period P of the AC signal to determine the desired amount of light output. The ratio of a pulse width T_(on) to the period P may then be used to determine the desired amount of light output. As stated above, period P may be a preset value in one or more embodiments. In these embodiments a preset period P may be used to determine the desired amount of light output.

Once the desired level of light output has been determined, the controller 412 may provide an output signal via the output 420. The output signal may be processed, such as by the controller 412 itself or by a driver, to provide various levels of light from an LED. For example, as stated, known methods such as pulse width modulation or current change may be used to control the level of light from an LED. It is contemplated that a change in voltage may also or alternatively be used to control the level of light as well.

In some embodiments, the dimmable LED driver 104 may not include a comparator. FIG. 4C illustrates such an embodiment where the signal processor 428 does not utilize a comparator. The controller 412 may still determine pulse width and period of an AC signal in these embodiments in various ways. In one embodiment an AD (analog to digital) converter within the controller 412 may be used to determine when the voltage of an AC signal is above or below a voltage threshold. In addition or alternatively, the controller 412 may be connected to a voltage reference 424 or utilize an internal voltage reference. The controller 412 may then compare voltages of the pulses from the rectifier 404 to a voltage threshold V_(t) provided by the voltage reference 424. This allows the controller 412 to determine one or more pulse widths T_(on) delineated by one or more points where voltages of the pulses cross the voltage threshold V_(t), such as described above with regard to FIGS. 3A-3C.

As can be seen from FIGS. 3A-3C, these points also delineate one or more pulses in the AC signal. The time between corresponding portions of at least two of the pulses may be used to determine the period P of the AC signal. For example, the period P of an AC signal may be determined by the time between the leading or trailing edges of (at least) two pulses. A correct preset value for period P (e.g. 50 Hz or 60 Hz) may also be determined in this manner. Alternatively, the period P may be set to a preset value, such as 50 Hz or 60 Hz for example, which removes the need to determine the period P in one or more embodiments. The ratio of the pulse width T_(on) to this period P may then be used to determine the desired level of light output.

It is noted that in some embodiments, the controller 412 may also perform the function of a rectifier 404 or include a rectifier. In these embodiments, a separate rectifier may not be provided. In addition, it is contemplated that a rectifier 404 may not be necessary in all embodiments because the controller 412 may be configured to ignore portions of an incoming AC signal. For example, the controller 412 may ignore portions of an AC signal below a threshold. In one embodiment, portions of an AC signal below 0V may be ignored. This causes the controller 412 to only operate on the positive pulse train consisting of the portions of the AC signal above 0V. This is similar, if not identical, to the pulse train that would have been provided by a half wave rectifier. Thus, it can be seen that a rectifier 404 may not be required in all embodiments.

From the above, it will be understood that determining the desired amount of dimming through the timing of an AC signal provides an accurate determination of the desired amount of dimming regardless of the power level, voltage, or current of an AC signal. This is generally because the ratio of the pulse widths in a dimmed AC signal to the period of the AC signal provides an independent way of measuring the amount of dimming and consequently the desired amount of light output. In this manner, the desired amount of dimming can be accurately determined even when power levels in an AC signal fluctuate or change. Such fluctuations or changes to power level can be common and may be caused by changes to power output by a utility company or by turning on or off electrical devices. Because the dimmable LED driver does not rely on power level to determine the desired amount of dimming, the dimmable LED driver can provide full range dimming where traditional drivers cannot, as discussed above.

Further, it can be seen that the LED driver may also compensate for changes in the period of an AC signal. In one or more embodiments, a change in the period of an AC signal may be detected by an increase or decrease in the distance between pulses. Thus, even if the period changes the determination of the desired amount of light output remains accurate. In addition, it is noted that the ratio between pulses of a dimmed AC signal to the period of the AC signal may remain substantially constant as the period changes. For this reason, the determination of desired light output by the dimmable LED driver remains accurate.

The ability of the dimmable LED driver to use the timing of an AC signal to determine the desired level of light output also reduces or eliminates the need to calibrate the dimmable LED driver for various AC standards. Of course, the dimmable LED driver must be configured to accept the voltages or currents it is provided, but it need not be calibrated or set for specific voltages or currents or specific voltage or current ranges. This is because timing and not power level of an AC signal is used to determine desired light output. In addition, the dimmable LED driver need not be configured for AC signals of particular frequencies or particular ranges of frequencies. As discussed above, the period of an incoming AC signal may be detected by the dimmable LED driver and used to provide accurate full range dimming of an LED.

The dimmable LED driver may be used in a variety of applications. In one or more embodiments, the dimmable LED driver may be relatively small in size. This allows the dimmable LED driver to be installed in various locations and devices large and small. FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate example devices and locations where a dimmable LED driver 104 may be installed. FIG. 6A is a cross section view of a dimmable LED driver 104 is mounted to a standard overhead lighting can 604. An AC signal from a phase dimmer or the like may be provided via standard wiring to the dimmable LED driver 104. The dimmable LED driver 104 may have its outputs connected to a socket 608 which accepts an LED bulb 108. In this manner, full range dimming of the LED bulb 108 can be achieved through a standard phase dimmer.

It is noted that because the wiring from the phase dimmer to the lighting can 604 is the same as the wiring for incandescent lighting, the dimmable LED driver 104 allows easy retrofit of existing lighting systems. For example, an incandescent lighting can may be replaced with the lighting can 604 described above having a dimmable LED driver 104 attached thereto. In addition, or alternatively, a dimmable LED driver 104 may be connected to the socket of an existing lighting can to allow dimming of an LED bulb via the now enhanced socket.

FIG. 6B illustrates a LED bulb 612 having a dimmable LED driver 104 built in. In this embodiment, the dimmable LED driver 104 may be located in the base portion of the LED bulb 612. This is highly advantageous in that fully dimmable LED lighting may be installed simply by replacing an incandescent or other bulb with this LED bulb 612. In one or more embodiments, the LED driver's input will accept an AC signal from the LED bulb's screw-type or other connector and provide output to one or more LEDs within the LED bulb 612.

As another example, the dimmable LED driver may be built into a standard phase dimmer. In this embodiment, by replacing a standard phase dimmer and installing an LED bulb in the appropriate socket, fully dimmable LED lighting may be achieved. In one or more embodiments, the input of the dimmable LED driver may be connected to an output of the phase dimmer and the output of the driver connected to wiring which leads to a socket for holding the LED bulb.

It can thus be seen that the dimmable LED driver provides numerous advantages and may be used in many different ways. By providing full range dimming for LEDs, the dimmable LED driver allows LED lighting to be used in applications where high quality dimming is required or desired. This allows users to take advantage of the efficiency and reliability benefits of LED lighting while allowing accurate and full range dimming which is not provided by traditional LED drivers.

While various embodiments of the invention have been described, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that many more embodiments and implementations are possible that are within the scope of this invention. In addition, the various features, elements, and embodiments described herein may be claimed or combined in any combination or arrangement. 

1. An LED driver comprising: an input configured to accept an AC signal; a rectifier in electrical communication with the input, the rectifier configured to rectify the AC signal into a pulse train comprising one or more pulses; a comparator in electrical communication with the rectifier, the comparator configured to utilize a voltage threshold whereby the comparator outputs a first signal while a voltage of the one or more pulses is above the voltage threshold and outputs a second signal while the voltage of the one or more pulses is below the voltage threshold; a controller in electrical communication with the comparator, the controller configured to determine a pulse width of the one or more pulses and a period of the AC signal from the first signal and the second signal whereby the controller is configured to determine a desired level of light output based on a ratio of the pulse width to the period and generate an output signal configured to provide the desired level of light output through LED lighting; and an output configured to provide the output signal to the LED lighting.
 2. The LED driver of claim 1 further comprising a lighting can having a socket for accepting the LED lighting whereby the output is in electrical communication with the socket, the LED lighting comprising a LED bulb.
 3. The LED driver of claim 1 further comprising a voltage reference configured to provide the voltage threshold, the voltage reference in electrical communication with the comparator.
 4. The LED driver of claim 1, wherein the controller determines the pulse width of the one or more pulses based on the duration of the first signal in relation to the second signal from the comparator.
 5. The LED driver of claim 1, wherein the first output and the second output of the comparator form a square wave comprising one or more square pulses whereby the duration of the one or more square pulses is the pulse width of the one or more pulses and a time between corresponding portions of the one or more square pulses is the period of the AC signal.
 6. The LED driver of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to utilize a preset value for the period of the AC signal rather than determining the period of the AC signal.
 7. An LED driver comprising: an input configured to accept an AC signal from a dimmer; a controller configured to compare a voltage of the AC signal to a voltage threshold to determine a pulse width of the AC signal whereby the controller outputs an output signal based on the ratio of the pulse width to a period of the AC signal to provide a desired level of light output through one or more LEDs, the period of the AC signal being at least one preset value stored in the LED driver; and an output configured to provide the output signal to the one or more LEDs whereby the output signal travels through the output to the one or more LEDs.
 8. The LED driver of claim 7 further comprising a lighting can having a socket for accepting the one or more LEDs whereby the output is in electrical communication with the socket.
 9. The LED driver of claim 7 further comprising a signal processor coupled with the input and the controller, the signal processor configured to rectify the AC signal into a pulse train comprising one or more pulses whereby the controller is configured to compare a voltage of the one or more pulses to the voltage threshold to determine the pulse width and period of the AC signal.
 10. The LED driver of claim 7, wherein the controller determines the pulse width by comparing the voltage of the AC signal to the voltage threshold whereby the pulse width is delineated at a first point by the voltage of the AC signal increasing across the voltage threshold and at a second point by the voltage of the AC signal decreasing across the voltage threshold, the pulse width being the time between the first point and the second point.
 11. The LED driver of claim 7, wherein the controller sets the period of the AC signal to the at least one preset value closest to a detected period of the AC signal whereby the controller determines the detected period of the AC signal by comparing the voltage of the AC signal to the voltage threshold, wherein the period is measured by the time between the voltage of the AC signal crossing the voltage threshold a first time and the voltage of the AC signal crossing the voltage threshold in the same direction a consecutive time.
 12. A method for dimming an LED comprising: accepting an AC signal from a dimmer at an input of a dimmable LED driver; comparing one or more voltages of the AC signal to a voltage threshold to determine one or more points where the one or more voltages cross the voltage threshold; identifying one or more pulse widths of one or more pulses in the AC signal, the one or more pulse widths delineated by the time between at least two of the one or more points; identifying a period of the AC signal; determining a desired level of light output based on a ratio between the one or more pulse widths and the period; and based on the ratio, generating an output signal to provide the desired level of light from one or more LEDs.
 13. The method of claim 12 further comprising processing the AC signal by rectifying the AC signal with a signal processor.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the one or more voltages are compared to the voltage threshold by a comparator of the dimmable LED driver, the voltage threshold being provided by a voltage reference in electrical communication with the comparator.
 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the one or more pulse widths of the one or more pulses in the AC signal and the period of the AC signal is identified by a controller of the dimmable LED driver whereby the desired level of light output is determined by the controller based on the ratio of the pulse width and period.
 16. The method of claim 12 further comprising dimming the AC signal with the dimmer, the dimmer having an adjustable control.
 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the pulse width is the time between at least two consecutive points of the one or more points.
 18. The method of claim 12, wherein identifying the period of the AC signal comprises selecting at least one preset value stored within the dimmable LED driver to be the period of the AC signal.
 19. The method of claim 12, wherein identifying the period of the AC signal comprises identifying the time between at least two of the one or more points whereby a first point of the at least two points is where the voltage of the AC signal increases across the voltage threshold a first time and a second point of the at least two points is where the voltage of the AC signal increases across the voltage threshold a consecutive time.
 20. The method of claim 12, wherein identifying the period of the AC signal comprises identifying the time between at least two of the one or more points whereby a first of the at least two points is where the voltage of the AC signal decreases across the voltage threshold a first time and a second of the at least two points is where the voltage of the AC signal decreases across the voltage threshold a consecutive time. 